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An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a bulge in the abdominal aorta as a result of weakening of the artery wall. Most people with an aneurysm don't have any symptoms, so early detection is difficult. If left untreated, an aneurysm can grow larger and larger until it bursts, causing serious internal bleeding.

Abdominal Aneurysm
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a bulge in the abdominal aorta as a result of weakening of the artery wall. Most people with an aneurysm don't have any symptoms, so early detection is difficult. If...

The Achilles tendon is located where the calf muscle, or gastrocnemius, attaches to the heel bone, or calcaneus. It can tear or rupture during sudden activity, like jumping or sprinting, or during violent tendon stretches. Surgery and casting, or casting alone, may be required to repair a torn Achilles tendon.

Achilles Tendon Tear
The Achilles tendon is located where the calf muscle, or gastrocnemius, attaches to the heel bone, or calcaneus. It can tear or rupture during sudden activity, like jumping or sprinting, or during ...

Sebaceous glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum, which normally travels up the pore to lubricate the hair and skin. Acne develops when a pore becomes clogged with excess sebum and dead skin cells. People of any age can experience acne and most people have acne at some time in their lives.

Acne
Sebaceous glands of the skin produce an oily substance called sebum, which normally travels up the pore to lubricate the hair and skin. Acne develops when a pore becomes clogged with excess sebum a...

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the stem cells in the bone marrow that produce lymphocytes. The term

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the stem cells in the bone marrow that produce lymphocytes. The term "acute" means the cancer cells multiply rapidly, crowding out the normal cells ...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common neurobehavioral problem that affects children as well as some adults. Some research suggests that the cause of ADHD is a genetic deficiency of certain neurotransmitters. The symptoms of the disorder include impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and an inability to maintain attention.

ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common neurobehavioral problem that affects children as well as some adults. Some research suggests that the cause of ADHD is a genetic defic...

The adrenal glands produce a hormone called cortisol which can help manage the effects of infection, trauma, and emotional stress. Corticosteroids are synthetically-produced hormones that are very similar to cortisol. These drugs can be inhaled, given orally, topically, or by intravenous or intramuscular injection to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain respiratory disorders.

Adrenal Corticosteroids
The adrenal glands produce a hormone called cortisol which can help manage the effects of infection, trauma, and emotional stress. Corticosteroids are synthetically-produced hormones that are very ...

AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus attaches to the surface of white blood cells called T cells and is able to reproduce and continue production of the virus. As more and more of the body's healthy T cells become infected with HIV, the body's immune system becomes compromised and unable to fight new infections.

AIDS
AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is a disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus attaches to the surface of white blood cells called T cells a...

For persistent or bothersome allergies, treatment can include desensitization with allergen vaccines, commonly known as immunotherapy or allergy shots. Allergen vaccines consist of a small amount of the substance that causes the allergy. The patient receives injections of the allergen vaccine at regular intervals. The amount of allergen is gradually increased until a dose is reached that is effective in reducing symptoms.

Allergen Vaccines
For persistent or bothersome allergies, treatment can include desensitization with allergen vaccines, commonly known as immunotherapy or allergy shots. Allergen vaccines consist of a small amount o...

Allergic rhinitis (commonly called hay fever) is an inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes that line the nose. Allergic rhinitis happens when an allergen, such as pollen, causes your body to defend itself by producing antibodies. The best treatment is to avoid the allergen.

Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis (commonly called hay fever) is an inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes that line the nose. Allergic rhinitis happens when an allergen, such as pollen, causes your bo...

An allergy occurs when the body reacts to substances it can't tolerate. The substances, like tree pollen or dust mites, are called environmental antigens, or allergens, and are normally harmless. But the immune system of a person with allergies views the allergens as harmful.

Allergies
An allergy occurs when the body reacts to substances it can't tolerate. The substances, like tree pollen or dust mites, are called environmental antigens, or allergens, and are normally harmless. B...

Allergies can effect people all year round, but springtime is when they're most likely to occur. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about springtime allergies, including what causes them, why you get them in spring, and what to do to help prevent or treat them.

Allergies
Allergies can effect people all year round, but springtime is when they're most likely to occur. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about springtime allergies, including what causes them, why you get them in s...

With Alzheimer's disease, instead of an orderly, organized arrangement of nerve cells in the brain, nerve cells become entangled, full of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques and tangles interfere with the normal activity between neurons in the area of the brain responsible for intellectual thought. The disease is slowly progressive from onset. Memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and poor judgment are a few of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's Disease
With Alzheimer's disease, instead of an orderly, organized arrangement of nerve cells in the brain, nerve cells become entangled, full of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques and...

Tiredness is one of the most common reasons to go see a doctor, and one of the more common reasons for people being tired is that they might be anaemic. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about anaemia, including what it is, different types of anaemia, what causes it, how to test for it and how to treat it.

Anaemia
Tiredness is one of the most common reasons to go see a doctor, and one of the more common reasons for people being tired is that they might be anaemic. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about anaemia, includ...

Most people don't like the sight of blood – particularly their own blood, and even less so if it's coming from the rear end. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about bleeding from the anus, including what it means and what causes it, when it becomes a problem that needs a doctor's help, and simple ways to treat it.  

Anal Bleeding
Most people don't like the sight of blood – particularly their own blood, and even less so if it's coming from the rear end. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about bleeding from the anus, including wha...

The shoulder, one of the most flexible joints in the body, comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles that connect the arm to the torso. The three bones that make up the shoulder joint include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (long bone of the arm). The shoulder has two joints that work together to allow arm movement: the acromioclavicular (AC) joint and the glenohumeral joint.

Anatomy of the Shoulder
The shoulder, one of the most flexible joints in the body, comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles that connect the arm to the torso. The three bones that make up the shoulder joint includ...

The spine is a column of bones that forms the axial skeleton; this framework provides strong, yet flexible support for the trunk of the body as well as protection for the delicate spinal cord housed within it. The spine consists of 33 vertebrae stacked vertically upon each other. The vertebrae are separated by an intervertebral disc between each vertebra, which functions as a shock absorber.

Anatomy of the Spine
The spine is a column of bones that forms the axial skeleton; this framework provides strong, yet flexible support for the trunk of the body as well as protection for the delicate spinal cord house...

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a generalised chronic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterised by pain or stiffness of the back, often with involvement of the hips and shoulders. AS can decrease the spine's flexibility, and can eventually lead to total loss of mobility.

Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a generalised chronic inflammatory disease, mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterised by pain or stiffness of the back, often with involve...

One of the easiest and cheapest ways to reduce osteoarthritic pain is through regular exercise. This video demonstrates a variety of simple exercises that can be done at home.

Arthritis Pain and Regular Exercise
One of the easiest and cheapest ways to reduce osteoarthritic pain is through regular exercise. This video demonstrates a variety of simple exercises that can be done at home.

Dr Nicholas Wickham explains the importance of blood and blood products. He talks about the advantages of artificial blood substitutes and the current substitutes available. 

Artificial Blood Substitutes
Dr Nicholas Wickham explains the importance of blood and blood products. He talks about the advantages of artificial blood substitutes and the current substitutes available. 

Occasionally a baby may become

Assisted Delivery
Occasionally a baby may become "stuck" in the birth canal during the process of delivery. This may occur if the baby does not attain the proper position, if labor ceases unexpectedly, or if the bab...

Asthma, or reactive airway disease, is a chronic disorder that results in restricted breathing due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the main air passages in the lungs. Asthma patients need to work together with their doctors to develop a medication action plan to control symptoms and minimize attacks.

Asthma
Asthma, or reactive airway disease, is a chronic disorder that results in restricted breathing due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the main air passages in the lungs. Asthma patients need t...

Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal heartbeat, that is caused by erratic electrical signals originating from the atria. During this rhythm disturbance, the normal, coordinated contractions between the atria and ventricles become compromised, interfering with the hearts ability to efficiently deliver blood to the body. Atrial fibrillation can cause fainting, weakness, and may lead to blood clots and other complications.

Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia, or abnormal heartbeat, that is caused by erratic electrical signals originating from the atria. During this rhythm disturbance, the normal, coordinated ...

Pain in the lower back is one of the most common things that people experience. Indeed, it's likely that through the course of one's life, almost everybody will experience it at some stage. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about common causes of back pain, simple treatments, warning signs and when to see your doctor.

Back Pain
Pain in the lower back is one of the most common things that people experience. Indeed, it's likely that through the course of one's life, almost everybody will experience it at some stage. Dr Joe ...

Bed wetting is very common, but people don't tend to talk about it. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about bed wetting, including age and changes in urinary patterns, when to start getting children to be dry at night, how to help stop bed wetting, and when to see a doctor.

Bed Wetting
Bed wetting is very common, but people don't tend to talk about it. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about bed wetting, including age and changes in urinary patterns, when to start getting children to be dry...

Normally, the prostate gland grows as a man matures. The enlargement is referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, and doesn't usually cause any problems until late in life. A common symptom of BPH is a noticeable change in urination resulting from obstruction of the urethra and the loss of bladder function. Left untreated, BPH can lead to urinary tract infections, bladder or kidney damage, bladder stones or incontinence.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Normally, the prostate gland grows as a man matures. The enlargement is referred to as benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH, and doesn't usually cause any problems until late in life. A common symp...

Dr Celi Varol provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia and outlines the treatment options available for the condition. 

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Dr Celi Varol provides an overview of benign prostatic hyperplasia and outlines the treatment options available for the condition. 

A biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination. A diagnosis is made when cells are examined through a microscope. There are several ways biopsy samples can be obtained including needle biopsy, aspiration biopsy, incisional biopsy and excisional biopsy.

Biopsy I
A biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination. A diagnosis is made when cells are examined through a microscope. There are several ways biopsy samples...

The bladder is the hollow-shaped organ that expands and contracts to collect and eliminate urine. Symptoms of bladder cancer can include: blood in the urine, frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without being able to do so and pain during urination. Treatment options for bladder cancer can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and biologic therapy.

Bladder Cancer
The bladder is the hollow-shaped organ that expands and contracts to collect and eliminate urine. Symptoms of bladder cancer can include: blood in the urine, frequent urination, or feeling the need...

Have you ever had the feeling of being bloated? Dr Joe Kosterich talks about the causes and treatments of bloating, one of the most common symptoms that people have.  

Bloating
Have you ever had the feeling of being bloated? Dr Joe Kosterich talks about the causes and treatments of bloating, one of the most common symptoms that people have.  

The ability of the blood to form clots is very useful; however, it becomes a problem if the blood forms a clot where we don't want it to. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about blood clots and blood thinning agents, including different types of blood clotting disorders, why people are given blood thinning agents, what they are, how they work, how they are used, and blood tests. More information  For more information on coagulation, including information on anticoagulants, blood coagulation tests and test devices, see Blood Clotting and Monitoring.

Blood Clotting and Blood Thinning Agents
The ability of the blood to form clots is very useful; however, it becomes a problem if the blood forms a clot where we don't want it to. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about blood clots and blood thinning...

There are many gifts that we can give each other in this world. Possibly the most valuable one is the gift of life. We hear a lot about blood donation and at times the Red Cross will call for donors, but what do we really achieve or what happens when we give blood? Dr Joe Kosterich tals about blood donating, including what happens, why it's needed and who might need it.

Blood Donation
There are many gifts that we can give each other in this world. Possibly the most valuable one is the gift of life. We hear a lot about blood donation and at times the Red Cross will call for donor...

As blood travels from the heart, it exerts pressure against the walls of the arteries. This is referred to as blood pressure. Blood pressure is used to evaluate the force and amount of blood being pumped from the heart as well as the flexibility and condition of the arteries. Abnormally high pressure within the arteries is called hypertension, or high blood pressure.

Blood Pressure
As blood travels from the heart, it exerts pressure against the walls of the arteries. This is referred to as blood pressure. Blood pressure is used to evaluate the force and amount of blood being ...

Bowel cancer is the most common internal cancer in Australia, and the second-most common cause of cancer death. Professor Finlay Macrae talks about the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program. 

Bowel Cancer Screening
Bowel cancer is the most common internal cancer in Australia, and the second-most common cause of cancer death. Professor Finlay Macrae talks about the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program. 

If you're eating every day, then your bowels should be moving every day. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about general bowel health, including what a healthy bowel action is, how often it happens, how to help your bowels function effectively, and when to see your doctor.

Bowel Health: Adults
If you're eating every day, then your bowels should be moving every day. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about general bowel health, including what a healthy bowel action is, how often it happens, how to he...

All parents know there is nothing quite like the first nappy change. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about what kind of bowel movements to expect from babies, differences in breastfed and formula-fed baby bowel movements, bowel movements and tummy pains in children, and when to take your child to the doctor.

Bowel Health: Babies and Children
All parents know there is nothing quite like the first nappy change. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about what kind of bowel movements to expect from babies, differences in breastfed and formula-fed baby b...

Breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth of tissue) of the mammary gland. Mammary glands are the glands located in the breast which produce and secrete breastmilk in the process of lactation. Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer fatality in women. Early detection through regular breast self-examination and mammography is key.

Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth of tissue) of the mammary gland. Mammary glands are the glands located in the breast which produce and secrete breastmilk in the process of la...

When we talk about breast health, we really mean all the things you can do to keep your breasts healthy – which is a little bit more than just avoiding disease or illness. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about breast health, including properly-fitting bras, skin protection, diet and breast checks.

Breast Health
When we talk about breast health, we really mean all the things you can do to keep your breasts healthy – which is a little bit more than just avoiding disease or illness. Dr Joe Kosterich ta...

Following a mastectomy, or the surgical removal of breast tissue, many women choose to have breast reconstructive surgery for both emotional and physical reasons. There are several potential complications associated with this procedure that should be discussed with a doctor prior to surgery.

Breast Reconstruction
Following a mastectomy, or the surgical removal of breast tissue, many women choose to have breast reconstructive surgery for both emotional and physical reasons. There are several potential compli...

It is often said that nature works in mysterious ways, but sometimes it's really not that mysterious at all. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about breastfeeding and breastmilk, including its benefits for infants, how long to breastfeed for, why it's good to breastfeed, expressing milk, storing breastmilk, problems with breastfeeding, and tips for breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding
It is often said that nature works in mysterious ways, but sometimes it's really not that mysterious at all. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about breastfeeding and breastmilk, including its benefits for in...

Dr Tony Michele discusses the role of cancer screening and provides an overview of treatment options for cancer. 

Cancer Treatment Options
Dr Tony Michele discusses the role of cancer screening and provides an overview of treatment options for cancer. 

The risk of developing cancer can be decreased through several easily changed factors. Professor Ian Olver talks about strategies for preventing cancer, including lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking, eating a healthy diet, and engaging in physical activity.

Cancer: Prevention Strategies
The risk of developing cancer can be decreased through several easily changed factors. Professor Ian Olver talks about strategies for preventing cancer, including lifestyle changes such as sto...

Dr Andrew Maiorana talks about exercising when you have heart disease. 

Cardiac Exercise with Heart Disease
Dr Andrew Maiorana talks about exercising when you have heart disease. 

Cardiovascular disease often refers to angina, heart attack and stroke. Clinical Associate Professor David Sullivan explains the significance of family history and cholesterol in cardiovascular disease, the importance of promoting awareness about the inherited risk of CVD, and the concept of familial cascade screening.

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular disease often refers to angina, heart attack and stroke. Clinical Associate Professor David Sullivan explains the significance of family history and cholesterol in cardiovascula...

A CAT scan is used to detect both bone and soft tissue damage by utilizing x-ray technology. While x-rays are limited to two dimensional renderings, CAT scans are able to generate 3D views by rotating a conventional x-ray beam in a spiral around the patient's body. This series of rotations around the body creates image slices. A computer gathers, compiles and translates these images into a three hundred and sixty degree view of a targeted area or even the entire body.

CAT Scans
A CAT scan is used to detect both bone and soft tissue damage by utilizing x-ray technology. While x-rays are limited to two dimensional renderings, CAT scans are able to generate 3D views by rotat...

Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses strong medicines to stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered in several ways: as a pill, an injection, or given intravenously through a central line. Once the drugs enter the body, they destroy cancer cells by preventing them from growing or multiplying during mitosis.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses strong medicines to stop the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be administered in several ways: as a pill, an injection, or given intravenously ...

Jazz saxophonist Danny Moss was diagnosed with mesothelioma in 2005. He talked about his illness and chemotherapy treatment in an interview with Virtual Medical Centre. On 28 May 2008, he passed away, aged 80.Warning: This video contains depictions of deceased persons and may be offensive to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.This is the first of two videos. To watch the next video in the series, see Chemotherapy Patient: Danny Moss 2.

Chemotherapy Patient: Danny Moss 1
Jazz saxophonist Danny Moss was diagnosed with mesothelioma in 2005. He talked about his illness and chemotherapy treatment in an interview with Virtual Medical Centre. On 28 Ma...

Jazz saxophonist Danny Moss was diagnosed with mesothelioma in 2005. He talked about his illness and chemotherapy treatment in an interview with Virtual Medical Centre. On 28 May 2008, he passed away, aged 80.Warning: This video contains depictions of deceased persons and may be offensive to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This is the second of two videos. To watch the first video in the series, see Chemotherapy Patient: Danny Moss 1.

Chemotherapy Patient: Danny Moss 2
Jazz saxophonist Danny Moss was diagnosed with mesothelioma in 2005. He talked about his illness and chemotherapy treatment in an interview with Virtual Medical Centre. On 28 May 200...

There are a number of viruses that seem to mainly affect children more than adults. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about chicken pox, how it affects a child, what it looks like, how long it lasts, complications, and what you can do about chicken pox.

Chickenpox
There are a number of viruses that seem to mainly affect children more than adults. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about chicken pox, how it affects a child, what it looks like, how long it lasts, complica...

Over the course of the 20th century, modern medicine made some reasonably big strides, and immunisation is one of those biggest strides. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about vaccinations, including why we take them, when and which ones we take, common reactions to vaccinations, and what to do if we're sick at the scheduled time.

Childhood vaccination
Over the course of the 20th century, modern medicine made some reasonably big strides, and immunisation is one of those biggest strides. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about vaccinations, including why we ...

The most common sexually transmitted infection in Australia is chlamydia. On the plus side, chlamydia is also the easiest of the sexually transmitted infections to treat. But on the minus side, often people don't know that they have it. Dr Joe Kosterich talks about chlamydia, including how common it is, how you know you've got it, and what to do about it.

Chlamydia
The most common sexually transmitted infection in Australia is chlamydia. On the plus side, chlamydia is also the easiest of the sexually transmitted infections to treat. But on the minus side, oft...


 

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