Potential treatment for sickle cell disease revealed

A University of Michigan Health System laboratory study reveals a key trigger for producing normal red blood cells that could lead to a new treatment for sickle cell disease.

The study, conducted in mice, appears in this week's early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and holds promise for preventing the painful episodes and organ damage that are common complications of sickle cell disease.

According to the U-M study, increasing the expression of the proteins, TR2 and TR4, more than doubled the level of foetal haemoglobin produced in sickle cell mice and reduced organ damage.

"The vast majority of sickle cell disease patients are diagnosed early in childhood when adult haemoglobin normally replaces foetal haemoglobin, but the severity of the disease can differ markedly, correlating most strongly with the level of foetal haemoglobin present in red cells," says paediatrician and lead study author Andrew D. Campbell, M.D., director of the Pediatric Comprehensive Sickle Cell Program at the U-M Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Sickle cell is an inherited blood disorder impacting millions of patients worldwide that causes normal red blood cells to change shape to a crescent moon.

The result is debilitating pain episodes, chronic organ damage and a significantly shortened life span.

Sickle cell disease occurs in 1 out of every 500 African American births and 1 out of every 36,000 Hispanic American births, according to the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, Inc.

It's most common among those with an ancestry to Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean islands, India, Saudi Arabia and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece and Italy.

But a small number of sickle cell patients are born with a high enough foetal haemoglobin level to moderate complications.

The study team, that included experts in haematology oncology, cell and developmental biology and pathology from the U-M and the University of Tsukuba, Japan, demonstrated a potential method for boosting the foetal haemoglobin levels by modulating TR2/TR4 expression.

"While the average foetal haemoglobin was 7.6 percent in the sickle cell mice, the TR2/TR4 treated sickle cell mice had an average foetal haemoglobin of 18.6 percent," says senior study author James Douglas Engel, Ph.D. , professor and chair of the U-M's Cell and Development Biology Department.

It's the first time specific proteins have been targeted to prevent a disease, he says.

Anaemia and red blood cell turnover all improved within the TR2/TR4 treated mice. Additional studies, including clinical trials, would be required to determine if the method could help humans.

"Currently hydroxyurea is the only FDA approved drug known to increase the levels of foetal haemoglobin within sickle cell disease patients and a substantial number of patients do respond to it," says Campbell, the paediatric haematology oncology specialist. "But the long term consequences for hydroxyurea are unknown, especially in children."

(Source: University of Michigan: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)