Depression high among youth victims of school cyberbullying

Unlike traditional forms of bullying, youth who are the targets of cyberbullying at school are at greater risk for depression than are the youth who bully them, according to a survey conducted by researchers at the National Institutes of Health.

The new finding is in contrast to earlier studies of traditional bullying, which found that the highest depression scores were reported by another category of youth involved in bullying – bully-victims. Past studies on traditional bullying show that bully-victims – those who both bully others and are bullied themselves – are more likely to report feelings of depression than are other groups.

Traditional forms of bullying involve physical violence, verbal taunts, or social exclusion. cyberbullying, or electronic aggression, involves aggressive behaviours communicated over a computer or a cell phone.

"Notably, cyber victims reported higher depression than cyberbullies or bully-victims, which was not found in any other form of bullying," the study authors wrote in the Journal of Adolescent Health. "...unlike traditional bullying which usually involves a face-to-face confrontation, cyber victims may not see or identify their harasser; as such, cyber victims may be more likely to feel isolated, dehumanised or helpless at the time of the attack."

The analysis, of 6th through 10th grade students, was conducted by Jing Wang, PhD, Tonja R. Nansel, PhD, and Ronald J. Iannotti, PhD, all of the Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research at NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Dr Iannotti noted that, although bullies are less likely to report feelings of depression than are bully-victims or victims, they are more likely to report depression than are youth not involved with any bullying behaviours – either traditional bullying or cyberbullying.

Being bullied interferes with scholastic achievement, development of social skills, and general feelings of well being, explained Dr Iannotti, the study's senior author. In a study published last year, he and study coauthors reported that the prevalence of bullying is high, with 20.8 per cent of US adolescents in school having been bullied physically at least once in the last two months, 53.6 per cent having been bullied verbally, and 51.4 per cent bullied socially (excluded or ostracised), and 13.6 per cent having been bullied electronically (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766941).

The US Health Resources and Services Administration advises parents to encourage children to tell them immediately if they are victims of cyberbullying or other troublesome online behaviours. The agency also lists a number of steps that parents can take to help prevent cyberbullying and how to respond to it (http://www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov/adults/default.aspx). The site also includes extensive information on preventing and dealing with traditional forms of bullying. The Center for Disease Control also provides information on electronic aggression for parents, educators, and researchers (http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/youthviolence/electronicaggression/index.html).

In the current study, the research team sought to examine the association between depression and cyberbullying, which has not been studied extensively.

To conduct the study, the researchers analyzed data on American students collected in the 2005/2006 Health behaviour in School-aged Children Study, an international study of adolescents in 43 countries (http://www.hbsc.org/overview.html). The researchers measured depression by gauging responses to six survey items. Students were asked to indicate, if, within the past 30 days, they felt very sad; grouchy or irritable, or in a bad mood; hopeless about the future; felt like not eating or eating more than usual; slept a lot more or a lot less than usual; and had difficulty concentrating on their school work. Students ranked their response according to a five item scale ranging from "never" to "always".

They were also asked to indicate whether they were involved with bullying behaviours, whether as perpetrators or victims. Survey questions were designed to measure the following forms of bullying: physical (hitting), verbal (such as name calling), relational (social isolation and spreading false rumors), and cyber (using computers or cell phones). The researchers classified bullying others or being bullied "two or three times a month" as frequent, and "only once or twice" as occasional. Respondents were further classified as either not involved with bullying (either as bullies or victims), bullies, victims, or bully-victims (who had bullied others and also been bullied themselves).

Compared to students who were not involved with bullying, adolescents who were bullies, bully victims, or victims tended to score higher on the measures of depression. Those frequently involved with physical, verbal, and relational bullying, whether victims or perpetrators, reported higher levels of depression than did students only occasionally involved in these behaviours.

For physical violence, no differences were found in depression scores among bullies, victims, or bully-victims. For verbal and relational bullying, victims and bully-victims reported higher levels of depression than bullies.

For cyberbullying, however, frequent victims reported significantly higher levels of depression than frequent bullies and marginally higher depression than frequent bully-victims. The finding that victims of cyberbullying reported higher depression scores than cyberbully victims was distinct from traditional forms of bullying and merited further study.

Because of the association between bullying and depression, bullies, bully-victims, and victims are candidates for evaluation by a mental health professional, Dr Wang said.

(Source: National Institutes of Health: Journal of Adolescent Health)