Medical Dictionary
Saccule
| The saccule is part of the ear detects changes in horizontal head position and vertical linear acceleration. |
Sacroiliac Joint
| Sacroiliac Joint is between the sacrum and the ilium, which is a flat bone that helps compose your pelvis. |
SAE - Serious adverse event
| A reaction occurring during medical treatment which results in death, a life-threatening situation, hospital admission, temporary or permanent disability, or a congenital anomaly in a child. |
Salicylates
| Salicylates are naturally occurring compound, derived from salicylic acid, found in fruits and vegetables (e.g. peppermint). It has similar properties to many artificial food additives and can cause food intolerance in sensitive individuals |
Saliva
| Saliva is the watery mixture of secretions from the salivary and oral glands. Primarily it plays an important role in lubricating the oral tissues, taste, speech, digestion, mastication, and swallowing. |
Salivary glands
| Salivary glands are those glands that produce saliva for the mouth. |
Salmeterol
| Salmeterol is a drug (medicine) that dilates the airways in the lungs to keep them open to make breathing easier. |
Salpingostomy
| Salpingostomy is a conservative surgical treatment for ectopic pregnancy which involves the removal of the embryo alone. |
Sandrena
| Sandrena is indicated for short term therapy of the symptoms associated with oestrogen deficiency (e.g. surgical or natural menopause. |
Sarcoidosis
| Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause involving the formation of nodules of chronically inflamed tissue in many sites throughout the body. Sarcoidosis usually affects the lungs and nervous system, but can cause disease in other organs too. |
Sarcopenia
| Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle power, strength and mass due to aging. |
Satellite Cells
Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of neurons in the ganglia of the PNS. Their function in the nervous system has not been properly defined yet. |
Satiety
| Satiety is the satisfaction or “full” feeling obtained from eating. |
Saturated Fats
Saturated fats are fatty acid molecules without double bonds in the fatty acids chain (i.e. fatty acid molecules which cannot be oxidated). They are considered the least healthy type of fat in terms of nutrition because they raise cholesterol levels. |
Scala media
| Scala media is also known as the cochlear duct, and is the middle compartment of the cochlear. It contains endolymph and houses the basilar membrane. |
Scala tympani
| Scala tympani is the lower compartment of the cochlear. It contains perilymph that is in continuum with the scala vestibule. |
Scala vestibule
| Scala vestibule is the upper compartment of the cochlear. It contains perilymph that is set in motion by the oval window. |
Scaling
Scaling is a flaky, dry appearance to skin caused by the shedding of epithelial cells from the dermis. More on the anatomy of skin. |
Scaphoid
| The scaphoid is one of eight carpal bones that make up the wrist of the hand. The other bones are the lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitates and hamate. |
Scar
A scar (also known as a cicatrix) is fibrous tissue, usually in the skin, that is present and visible due to the process of wound healing.
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Schedule 2
| Schedule 2 are substances and preparations for therapeutic use which are substantially safe in use but where advice or counseling is available if necessary. Medical diagnosis or management is not required prior to provision of Pharmacy Medicines. |
Schedule 3
| Schedule 3 are substances and preparations for therapeutic use which are substantially safe in use but require pharmacist advice, management or monitoring. The use of Schedule 3 only require initial medical diagnosis and do not require close medical management. |
Schedule 4
| Schedule 4 are substances and preparations for therapeutic use which requires professional medical, dental or veterinary management or monitoring. The safety or efficacy of the use of Schedule 4 may require further evaluation. |
Schedule 5
| Schedule 5 are substances and preparations which have low toxicity level and require caution in handling, storage or use. |
Schedule 6
| Schedule 6 are substances and preparations with moderate to high toxicity. Accidental ingestion, inhalation or in contact with skin or eyes may cause death or severe injury. |
Schedule 7
| Schedule 7 are substances and preparations with high to extremely high toxicity which can cause death or severe injury at low exposures. Schedule 7 require special precautions in their manufacture, handling or use. Special regulations restricting their availability, possession or use are necessary. |
Schedule 8
| Schedule 8 are substances and preparations for therapeutic use which are likely to be abused and are likely to cause dependence. |
Schedule 9
| Schedule 9 are substances and preparations which, by law, may only be used for research purposes. The sale, distribution, use and manufacture of such substances are strictly prohibited. |
Schizophrenia
| Schizophrenia is a long term mental illness. The disease is characterised by symptoms such as hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that don't exist), delusions (strange fixed beliefs that are not true), lack of emotion, limited speech and an inability to enjoy activities. |
School-aged child
| School-aged child: is in age group 6-12 years |
Schwann Cells
| Schwann cells are wound repeatedly around nerve fibres on the peripheral nervous system (PNS), producing a myelin sheath similar to the membrane produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. They also play a role in the regeneration of damanged fibres. |
Sclera
| The sclera is the white part of the eye, and covers most of the eye surface. It is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue which has a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, and provides attachment for the extrinsic muscles of the eye. It is part of the outer fibrous layer of the eye. |
Sclerotherapy
| Scleroytherapy is a technique used to treat blood vessel malformations including varicose veins, spider veins and haemorrhoids. The technique is carried out by a trained physician and involves the injection of a special chemical or foam into the affected veins, causing them to shrink and eventually fade away. |
Scoliosis
| Scoliosis is the term given to a lateral (away from the middle) or sideways curvature of the spine. |
Screening Guidelines
| Screening guidelines detail all the information about screening for diseases - how, when and what diseases to screen for. Each of the groups producing the guidelines do not always come to exactly the same conclusion, but are often very similar. Two major guidelines in Australia are the one produced by the Cancer Council, and one produced by the Western Australian Clinical Oncology Group (WACOG). |
Screening Test
| A screening test is any investigative method that can be applied to a seemingly healthy patient for the purposes of diagnosing underlying conditions that may have otherwise gone unnoticed. |
Screening Trial
| A screening trial is a type of clinical trial that tests the best way to detect certain diseases or health conditions. |
Scrotal mass
| A scrotal mass is any abnormal growth within the scrotum. |
Scrotum
| The scrotum is the pouch of skin which surrounds and protects the testicles. |
SCS Controller
The controller is an external radiofrequency transmitter used for rechargeable IPG systems. This device allows the consumer to control and check their stimulating system. The controller displays the available battery life so recharging can occur when necessary. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Electrode Multi-Array
The electrode multi-array is an array of two or more electrodes at the end of the spinal cord stimulation leads. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Implantable Pulse Generators (IPGs)
Implantable pulse generators (IPGs) are a type of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) neuromodulator. Neuromodulators supply the power for SCS. IPGs are powered by an internal battery and must be replaced once it runs out. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Lead Migration
Lead migration is the movement of the spinal cord stimulation lead within the epidural space after they have been implanted. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Neuromodulator
The neuromodulator is the power source of the spinal cord stimulator system. It can be either internally implanted, acting as a generator; or remain external and transmit via a radiofrequency system coupled to an internally implanted receiver. The neuromodulator produces the electric currents that are then transmitted to the spinal cord. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Pulse Parameter Limits
The pulse parameter limits for a spinal cord stimulation system are the restrictions placed on the variable settings of the system by the doctor. The limits are put in place for safety, so the settings cannot accidently be put up too high or too low when not supervised by the doctor. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Pulse Parameters
The pulse parameters are the timing between pulses (also called pulse rate or frequency) and the length of each pulse delivered to the electrodes in spinal cord stimulation. For each person there will be a range of pulse parameters that can induce an adequate level of pain relief. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Radiofrequency System
Radiofrequency systems are a type of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) neuromodulator. Neuromodulators supply the power for SCS. The radiofrequency system operates by delivering radio waves in pulses to the implanted receiver. As radiofrequency systems are not dependent on internal battery activation and require more power than other systems, they work best for people with high stimulation requirements and the most complex and intense pain. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SCS Rechargeable Implantable Pulse Generators
Rechargeable implantable pulse generators are a type of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) neuromodulator. Neuromodulators supply the power for SCS. Rechargeable IPGs are powered by an internal battery that can be fully recharged using an external controller. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
SD - Stable disease
| A patient who has had some response to treatment but is not in complete or partial remission may be described as having stable disease. |
Seasonal rhinitis
| Seasonal rhinitis, also known as hayfever, is characterised by irritation and congestion or watering of the nose, itchy eyes, ears and throat, and sneezing. It occurs due to an exaggerated response to an environmental trigger which results in inflammation of the lining of the nose. Pollen is the most common trigger hence symptoms are usually experienced during the spring and summer months when the pollen season is at its peak. |
Sebaceous Gland
| A Sebaceous Gland is a gland in the skin that produces an oily substance called sebum, that slows evaporation of water and protects against bacteria. |
Seborrhoeic keratosis
| A common benign skin lesion in older individuals, often found in sun exposed areas. They have a warty, stuck on appearance. Seborrhoeic keratosis is an important differential in benign melanocytic lesions. |
Sebum
| The oily substance produced by sebaceous glands, which is implicated in acne. |
Second Line Treatment
Second line treatment is the second type of treatment which should be instituted to try and solve a medical problem. It is usually more costly or invasive, or carries a greater risk than the first line treatment option. |
Second stage of labour
| Second stage of labour is from the time of full dilatation of the cervix until the baby is delivered. |
Second Trimester
| During the second trimester of pregnancy the baby will increase in size and its internal organs will develop. At 16 weeks, the baby's sex can usually be determined. The baby's inner ear develops and it is thought that most baby's can hear their mother's voice from 24 weeks gestation. |
Secondary follicle
| Secondary follicles form due to the proliferation of granulosa cells and the formation of a cavity containing gelatinous material called the zona pellucida. |
Secondary glaucoma
| Secondary glaucoma can occur following a number of different diseases. In adults it may be seen following infection of the eye, trauma, diabetes or a variety of other conditions. |
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
| Kidney disease can cause a condition called secondary hyperparathyroidism, which can have a big impact on your health. Four small glands located behind the thyroid gland in your neck are called parathyroid glands. They make a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH). Normally, PTH makes sure you have just enough calcium and phosphorus in your blood to keep your bones, heart, muscles, nerves and blood vessels working well. When your kidneys are working properly, PTH keeps your calcium and phosphorus levels normal by moving the right amounts of calcium and phosphorus in and out of your bones. When your kidneys aren't working properly, the calcium and phosphorus balance in your body is upset, and your parathyroid glands send out too much PTH to your body. This condition is called secondary hyperparathyroidism, and it can cause bone disease and also may be a risk factor for heart disease and abnormal calcium deposits in blood vessels and other parts of the body. Sensipar lowers PTH by telling your parathyroid glands to stop releasing too much PTH into your blood. It also lowers your calcium and phosphorus levels. |
Secondary Malnutrition
| Secondary malnutrition arises when an individual's dietary intake is sufficient, but energy is not adequately absorbed by the body as a result of infectious conditions such as diarrhoea, measles or parasitic infections or medical or surgical problems affecting the digestive system. |
Secondary Premature Ejaculation
Secondary premature ejaculation refers to premature ejaculation which commenced following a period of sexual function in which the man was able to control his ejaculatory function. More on premature ejaculation |
Secretory phase
| Secretory phase refers to the increased secretory activity by the endometrial glands in the endometrium. The endometrial glands in this phase become more dilated and convoluted. The increased secretory activity in this phase of menstruation creates an ideal environment in the uterus for implantation of the blastocyst if fertilisation should take place. |
Sedative
| A sedative is a form of medication that helps to calm and relax. It also aids in sleeping in those who may be too anxious to sleep properly. |
Seizure
| Seizures are abnormal electrical impulses or discharges in the brain. They may originate in a specific part of the brain (focal) or affect the whole brain at once (generalised). Seizures can manifest in various ways in the body such as inattention (absence seizures), altered mental state, tonic and clonic movements, or convulsions. Seizures are commonly associated with a disorder called epilepsy, which is characterised by repeated and unprovoked seizures. |
Selective NSAIDs
| Selective NSAIDs are a class of NSAIDs. Selective NSAIDs inhibit only the COX-2 enzyme. Examples of selective NSAIDs include Celebrex and Prexige. |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressant medication. SSRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. When serotonin binds to its receptors in the brain it has a positive effect on mood. Therefore by inhibiting the reuptake or “capture” of serotonin by cells there will be an increase in the amount of serotonin able to bind. |
Selenium
| Selenium is a trace mineral incorporated into proteins, to form selenoproteins. Selenoproteins are antioxident enzymes that help prevent cellular damage from free radicals (free radicals are natural products of oxygen metabolism that are thought to contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer). Selenium also plays a role in thyroid regulation and in the immune system. Selenium can be found in brazil nuts, other nuts, seafood, meat, poultry as well as other less potent sources. |
Self Efficacy
| People who show self efficacy are people who believe in themselves and their own personal strengths. These people are more likely to achieve their goals through a focused mindset and determination. |
Self-management Skills Training (SMST)
| Self-management skills training (SMST) is subtype of skills training. SMST works on the core feelings of the client, helping to improve how they view their selves and their lives. When taught simultaneously with other psychotherapy programmes it can work to effectively increase the overall treatment success as the client will have increased self-efficacy. |
Semen (Seminal Fluid)
Semen (seminal fluid) is the fluid ejactulated form the penis during sexual intercourse. Semen is secreted by the prostate gland and contains millions of sperms (spermatocytes). More on male reproductive system. More on sperm analysis. |
Semen Analysis Testing (Sperm Analysis)
Semen analysis testing refers to the process of retrieving a semen sample from a man and testing it for abnormalities through microscopic examination and other tests. More on male reproductive system. More on sperm analysis. |
Semen Parameters
Semen parameters are measures used to assess the quality of semen. Parameters commonly measured in a semen analysis test include:
The World Health Organisation provides reference values against which semen analysis results can be compared. More on sperm analysis. |
Semicircular canals
| Semicircular canals in the ear detect rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration. |
Semilunar Valves
| Semilunar Valves refer to valves located between the ventricles and the great arteries. |
Seminal Vesicles
There are two seminal vesicles which are situated symmetrically either side of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a secretion that contain substances to help provide nourishment to the spermatozoa, and the contraction of the walls of this gland during ejaculation expels this fluid into the ejaculatory ducts forcing the spermatozoa out of the urethra. Follow this link for further information on the male urogenital system. |
Seminiferous tubes
The seminiferous tubules are tubes in the testicles in which sperm production occurs. For more information, see Male Reproductive System. |
Semi-skimmed milk
| Semi-skimmed milk has all of the fat content removed and then some is returned. |
Sensation
| Our sensations are the result of our senses picking up information from the environment. For example our touch receptors picking up sun rays we will experience a warm sensation. |
Sensitisation
| Sensitisation, in relation to pain, refers to a situation where part of the pain pathway becomes over-sensitive. |
Sensorineural deafness
| Sensorineural deafness means the sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear, but they are not converted into nerve signals that are interpreted by the brain as sounds. The defect can lie in the organ of Corti or the auditory nerves, or rarely, in some pathways and parts of the brain. |
Sensory nerves
| Sensory nerves send messages from the muscles to the spinal cord and the brain. Sensory nerves located in the skin and deep tissue help people identify the texture, temperature or motion of an object. Damage to the sensory nerves often results in tingling, numbness, pain, and extreme sensitivity to touch. |
Sentinel node
| The 'sentinel lymph node' of a tumour is the first lymph node that lymphatic vessels drain to from the site of a tumour. |
Sepsis
Sepsis is a condition characterised by whole bodily infection and infection of the blood. It is life threatening. For more information, see Sepsis. |
Septicaemia
| This is when there is infection in the bloodstream, due to multiplication of bacteria and/or their toxins. Petechiae can be a manifestation of septicaemia. |
Septopal
Septopal is a medication used to treat chronic recurrent osteomyelitis. It is also used for treatment of infections in soft parts or for prevention of infection in open, potentially infected injuries to bones and soft parts. |
Seretide accuhaler
| Seretide accuhaler is a device that contains two active medicines, fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate. It is used for maintenance treatment of asthma. |
Seretide MDI
| Seretide MDI (Metered Dose Inhaler) is a medication used for maintenance treatment of asthma. |
Serology
| Serology is the study of blood serum, specifically to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood against a particular microorganism. |
Seroma
| Seroma refers to fluid collection that may develop in or around surgical scars. |
Seroquel
| Seroquel is a medicine used to treat schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar I disorder. |
Serotonin
| Serotonin is a chemical that is produced both in cells of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the nerves of the brain. In the brain, serotonin plays a role in the regulation of mood: people who are depressed often have low levels of serotonin. In the rest of the body, serotonin causes blood vessels to dilate and plays a role in inflammation. |
Serotonin syndrome
| Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life threatening condition due to excessive serotonin in the body. For example, taking a combination of drugs that all work to increase serotonin levels, may cause this syndrome. Symptoms include fast heart rate, sweating, tremors, nausea, vomiting, raised body temperature, restlessness and overactive reflexes. |
Serum
| Serum is the clear, yellow coloured fluid which is obtained when whole blood is separated into it's solid and liquid components after it has been allowed to clot. Triglyceride levels in the serum are lowered by cholesterol lowering drugs such as fibrates. |
Serum Creatinine
| Serum Creatinine is a waste product that emanates from normal metabolism of the body. |
Serving Size
The serving size on a food product's nutrition label is the portion of the food used as a reference for the nutrition label, usually expressed in grams or millilitres. The serving size is usually the amount of the food that the typical consumer eats in one sitting. Alternatively, the serving size may mean the recommended amount of the food to be eaten. For example, one serving of a dairy product is equal to:
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Set
When referring to resistance training the set is the amount of one muscle group exercises are performed consecutively. For example a certain number of bicep curls repeated with no breaks is considered one set. |
Set breaks
During resistance training between sets it is recommended to wait at least 2-3 minutes in order to replenish energy in the muscle groups, this is called the set break For a more intense session the break may be decreased to 1 minute; this may be beneficial for increasing muscle growth but is not recommended in untrained persons. |
Sex cell
Also know as a gamete they are the cells which can be fertilised in order for conception to occur. In females sex cells are known as eggs, oocytes or ovum. In males sex cells are known as sperm or spermatozoa. More on male reproductive system. More on female reproductive system. More on sperm analysis. |
Sex Chromosome
| The sex chromosomes are what determines the sex of an individual. In the female gamete (the egg) there is always an X chromosome. The male gamete (the sperm) carries either a Y or an X chromosome. When the the sperm fertilises the egg the two chromosomes pair up. The sex of the individual depends upon whether they have an XX (female) or an XY (male) make up. |
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
| Sex hormone binding globulin is a glycoprotein which binds 17 beta-hydroxysteriod hormones including testosterone and oestradial. |
Sexual Arousal Disorder
| Sexual Arousal Disorder is the persistent or recurrent inability to become sexually aroused which is often characterized by inadequate vaginal lubrication for penetration. |
Sexual Aversion Disorder
| Sexual Aversion Disorder is the persistent or recurrent fear and/or aversion of sexual contact. |
Sexuality
| The aspect of a person's personality referring to an individual's sexual desires, feelings, practices, behaviours and beliefs. Many medical conditions such as pain and obesity can impact on one's sexuality. |
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a group of bacteria and viruses which can be, and most commonly are, transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Many STIs also spread through other means (e.g. blood transmission). For more information, see Protecting Against STIs. |
Shearing
| Two or more applied forces that tends to pull in different directions and result in a shearing strain. This may contribute to pressure ulcers. |
Shielded metal arc welding
Metal arc welding is a manual welding process which uses an electric current to weld metals together. It is the most popular type of welding and most commonly used to join steel and iron. |
Shielding gas
A shielding gas is a gas used in welding (most commonly gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding) which protects the weld from damage by atmospheric gases.
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Shigellosis
| Shigellosis is a bacterial infection affecting the intestinal tract. Shigella germs are found in the intestinal tract of infected people, and is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated by an infected person. It can also be spread by direct contact with an infected person. |
Shingles
| Shingles is a condition caused by varicella zoster a type of herpes virus that also causes chicken pox. Symptoms include a painful rash with burning and blisters. The virus becomes active again causing recurrent outbreaks resulting in shingles. |
Short bowel syndrome
| Short bowel syndrome is a malabsorptive condition which occurs because the small intestine has been surgically removed. |
Shoulder dystocia
| Shoulder dystocia is a difficult delivery due to failure of the infant’s shoulder to freely pass through the mother’s pelvis following delivery of the infant’s head. |
Sick role
| A role adopted by an individual due to sickness and recognised by society, where the person is not deemed responsible for their condition, and are exempt from normal social roles. As part of the sick role, the person is obligated to try to get well, and to seek technically competent help and cooperate with medical professionals. |
Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS, Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome)
| Sick sinus syndrome is a group of abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) presumably caused by malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's "natural" pacemaker. |
Sickle cell anaemia
| Sickle cell anaemia is a structural abnormality of the haemoglobin chain in blood. The red blood cells of the patient with sickle cell anaemia are unstable, and take on a sickled non-functional form when the patient is subject to ceratin disease or physical stress. |
Side Effect
| A side effect refers to an unwanted effect of a drug. When determining if a medication is suitable for a patient, a medical professional will weigh the side effects against the therapeutic effects to assess whether the benefit of the drug outweighs the risk. For example, a side effect of cold and flu tablets is drowsiness; however, the therapeutic effects of these medications, such as clearing the nose and head, often outweigh the disadvantage of feeling drowsy. |
Sidestream Smoke
| Sidestream Smoke is the smoke which comes from the tip of a burning cigarette. It contributes about 80% of tobacco smoke-related air pollution, and is some 4-6 times more toxic than mainstream smoke. |
Sifrol
| Sifrol is a medication used typical for Parkinson's disease and may also be used to relieve the symptoms associated with Restless Legs syndrome (RLS). |
Sigmoidoscopy
| Sigmoidoscopy is a method of screening where a camera is inserted into the last section of the bowel to look for abnormalities. |
Silicosis
| Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of silica dust which leads to inflammation and then scarring of the lung tissue. |
Simple Obesity
| Simple obesity refers to obesity caused by an increased intake of calories and not due to an underlying medical condition. |
Sinemet
| Sinemet is a combination drug containing levodopa and carbidopa. It is primarily used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease to relieve symptoms of rigidity and slowness of movement. |
Sinemet CR
| Sinemet CR is special controlled release formulation drug containing levodopa and carbidopa. It is used in the treatment of ideopathic parkinsonism. Sinement CR provides more constant levels of levodopa in the blood so offers better control of muscle fluctuations than conventional Sinemet tablets. |
Single Blind Study
| A single blinded study is one in which the participants are unaware as to whether they are recieving an active treatment or placebo. |
Sinus Rhythm
| Sinus Rhythm. A normal heartbeat. |
Sinusitis
| Sinusitis refers to inflammation of the sinuses, usually caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. |
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is a type of muscle tissue that is named for its location - it is attached to bones via tendons. It functions in movement, as skeletal muscle contraction results in force being transferred to bones. It is striated in appearance due to the fibers (cells) containing alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers. Skeletal muscle tissue can be made to contract or relax by voluntary control. |
Skim milk
| Skimmed milk is milk that has all of the fat content removed. |
Skin biopsy
| A skin biopsy is the removal of a small sample of skin tissue to enable further examination to reveal more information about a lesion, such as what cells it is made up of, and can change the future management. Some types of skin biopsy include: shave biopsy, punch biopsy, and surgical excision. |
Skin fibroblasts
| Skin fibroblasts are the cells in skin from which connective tissue develops. |
Skin Fold Test
| Skin fold test is often used to predict percentage of body fat and where on the body the fat is stored. A skin fold test can be used to diagnose obesity. |
Skin sparing and nipple preserving mastectomy with immediate reconstruction
| Skin sparing and nipple preserving mastectomy with immediate reconstruction is a type of mastecomy where the nipple and skin of the breast are preserved and the breast reconstructed. |
sleep paralysis
| The inability to move parts of the body when waking asleep or falling asleep. This may last for a few seconds to a few minutes and may be quite frightening for the person. |
Slit lamp
| The slit lamp is an instrument comprising of a high-intensity light beam that is used to examine the anterior and posterior segments of the eye including the eyelid, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, lens and cornea. |
Small cell lung cancer
| Small cell carcinoma of the lung is a type of lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is thought to arise from neuroendocrine cells which form part of the epithelium (lining) of the bronchi (airways). |
Smegma
As the foreskin separates from the head of the penis (about 5 years of age), smegma collects between the layers of skin. Smegma has a white "cheesy" appearance. The accumulation of smegma is normal and assists the separation process, however it may also result in inflammation of the glans and/or foreskin. |
Smooth Muscle
| Smooth muscle is a particular kind of muscle that occurs in the digestive system, in blood vessels, in the airways and in some glands of the body. It is not under voluntary control, like the muscles that a person uses to move about. Smooth muscle is generally used by the body to open or close tubes - for example, in arteries they can constrict (tighten) or dilate (open) the vessel, making it easier or harder for blood to get through. |
Social Competence
| Social competence describes the ability of an individual to effectively use their social skills to communicate with others. |
Social Marketing
Social marketing, in terms of health programs, refers to the promotion of health technologies (e.g. condoms) for sale at a subsidised price. |
Social Phobia
| The fear (phobia) of encountering people, performance or public speaking. |
Social Psychoeducation
| Social psychoeducation is a subtype of psychoeducation that deals specifically with the social aspects of a condition. These include percieved social support, peer pressure, social pressure and social stigma. |
Social Skills
| Social skills are the behaviours, verbal and non-verbal, that we use in order to communicate effectively with other people. Social skills are governed by our culture, beliefs and attitudes and continuously change and develop throughout our lives. |
Social Skills Training
Social skills training (SST) is a type of psychotherapy that works to help people improve their social skills so they can become socially competent. SST is predominantly a behavioural therapy but cognitive therapy can also be used in some situations to maximise the success of SST. This psychotherapy can be done one-on-one or in a group situation. |
Social Stigma
Social stigma is the attitude that society has about a specific condition. For example there is a negative attitude that is conveyed by society about sexually transmitted infections (STI's), therefore STI's are said to have social stigma attached to them. Social stigma makes accepting conditions very hard for individuals as they are embarressed about their condition and feel ashamed of themselves. Once people become more educated about certain conditions in society social stigma is reduced. The media plays a big role in creating social stigma. |
Sodium
| Sodium is a mineral needed by the body to keep body fluids in balance. Sodium is found in table salt and in many processed foods. |
Sodium benzoate
| Sodium benzoate is a food additive (211) that is used as a preservative, mainily in acidic foods (e.g. salad dressing, soft drinks, jams, fruit juice, sauces). |
Solarium (plural solaria)
| Solaria are indoor light chambers used for cosmetic tanning purposes. |
Somac
| Somac (pantoprazole) is a medication given for the control of the amount of acid produced in the stomach. It is often given as a tablet, but in case this is inappropriate (for example, if a patient was unable to swallow due to disease), an injectable form of the drug is made available by its manufacturer. |
Somac Heartburn Tablets
Somac Heartburn Tablets are a type of medication used to treat the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux (commonly known as heartburn and acid regurgitation). For more information, see Somac Heartburn Tablets. |
Somatic Pain
| Somatic pain refers to pain from structures other than the internal organs. This includes the bones, ligaments and tendons. This pain tends to be better localised and sharper than visceral pain. |
Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP)
| A somatosensory evoked potential (also known as SSEP) is an electrical response that is evoked by various physical stimuli (usually a small electric pulse). |
Somatotropin Release-Inhibitory Factor (SRIF)
| Somatotropin Release-Inhibitory Factor (SRIF), otherwise known as somatostatin, inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. |
Somatuline Autogel
| Somatuline Autogel is used for treatment and control of acromegaly (enlargement of face, hands and feets due to abnormal growth hormones), where other therapies such as surgery and/or radiotherapy have failed or in patients who do not respond to drugs called dopamine agonists. |
Somatuline LA
| Somatuline LA is used for treatment and control of acromegaly (enlargement of face, hands and feets due to abnormal growth hormones), where other therapies such as surgery and/or radiotherapy have failed or in patients who do not respond to drugs called dopamine agonists. |
Somnolence
| Somnolence means sleepiness, the state of feeling drowsy and ready to fall asleep |
Sonogram
| An image that is created through the reflection of sound waves off the internal structures of the body. In other words, the image created by ultrasound. |
Sonographer
| The sonographer is the person who performs the ultrasound. |
Spasticity
| Spasticity is a condition where there is excessive muscle tone, like dystonia, but follows injury to the brainor spinal chord. Often, very large doses of a botox injection are given into the 'spastic' muscles with a specific aim in mind e.g. comfort, mobility or hygiene. Other treatments such as physiotherapy and the use of plaster casts may be important. |
Speculum
| A speculum is an instrument shaped like a hollow cylinder that opens up like a duck's beak. It is used for examination of the cervix and vaginal walls. For more information please see PAP smear. |
Sperm
Sperm are the male gametes. They are the cells in males which result in conception when they join with female gametes. More on male reproductive system. More on sperm analysis. |
Sperm antibodies
Sperm antibodies are produced by the body's immune system and reduce the life span and impair the motility of sperm. More on sperm analysis. |
Spermatocytes
| Spermatocytes are the male gametes. |
Spermatogenesis
| Spermatogenensis is a medical term meaning sperm production. |
Spermatozoa
Also known simply as sperm are the male gametes, that is the cells in males which result in conception when they join with female gametes. More on male reproductive system. More on female reproductive system. More on sperm analysis. |
Sphincter
| Sphincter. Muscular structure that surrounds the urethra and allows the bladder to store or empty urine. This muscle is circular and acts like a valve, can relax or tighten to open or close the outlet of the bladder. The urethra has an internal and external sphincter. Internal sphincter is the portion of the urethra found at the bladder neck that keeps the urethra closed when a person is at rest. External sphincter is the portion of the urethra that is under a person's own control (voluntary control). |
Spider veins
| Spider veins are small blood vessels that have become purple, blue or red. They are generally just a cosmetic problem but can be treated by sclerotherapy. |
Spina bifida
| Spina bifida is a neural tube defect. The baby's brain and spine develop froma neural tube in the first four weeks of pregnancy. Spina bifida is caused when the neural tube does not fully develop, leaving a gap or split in the spine. Most neural tube defects can be prevented by taking folic acid before and after conception. (See Pregnancy Advice.)Obstetric Ultrasound can be used to detect Spina bifida. |
Spinal anaesthesia
| Spinal anaesthesia also known as subarachnoid anaesthesia is a form of local or regional anaesthesia, which involves injection of a local anaesthetic drug into the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid space (CFS). |
Spinal cord
| The spinal cord is the major connector between the brain and the body. It is made up of millions of nerve fibres that transmit signals from the brain to the body, as well as nerve cells that create signals, and other cells that look after the rest of the cord's cells. It is about 46cm long but varies between people and is protected by a series of bones in the back called vertebrae. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS) and interacts with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
Spinal cord stimulation
| Spinal chord stimulation is a procedure where a device containing leads (wires carrying electricity) with strategically placed electrodes are inserted along the spinal chord where they artificially stimulate the nerves supplying the painful areas. |
Spinal Cord Stimulation Leads (SCS Leads)
The spinal cord stimulation leads are responsible for transmitting the electrical pulses generated by the neuromodulator to the electrodes which are located at the end of the leads. The leads are thin wires that are inserted via a needle into the epidural space. The leads can be paddle leads or percutaneous leads. Paddle leads have a large "paddle-shaped" head that provide more extensive coverage. Percutaneous leads are slim and easy to manoeuvre through the epidural space. For more information, see Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices. |
Spine
The spine is a series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord. |
Spiriva
| Spiriva is a medication used for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). |
Spirometry
| This is one of the most common pulmonary function tests performed in daily practice. It is a simple test that involves blowing into a device (called a spirometer) that measures the volume of air expired over time. spirometry provides information about how quickly and effectively the lungs can be emptied and filled. |
Splenectomy
| Splenectomy/ Spleen removal is surgery required to remove a diseased or damaged spleen - the body organ that helps the body fight infections. |
Sponge
| A form of contraceptive. They have been shown to provide some protecting against some STD's, but not all. |
Spotter
Spotter is a term used in weight training. A spotter is someone who watches the person using the weights. If the weight lifter has difficulty or trouble with the weights, the spotter can provide help. This means the spotter must be able to carry the weight too. For more information, see Resistance Training. |
Sprain
| A sprain is an injury to a joint and/or its ligaments (strong flexible bands of tissue connecting two bones) usually caused by sudden forceful movement e.g. twisting the ankle or falling, resulting in pain, swelling and some loss of function |
Sprycel
| Sprycel, (generic name Dasatinib) is a newly developed drug used in the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML and ALL expressing the BCR-ABL fusion gene. It is a thiazole-carboxymide compound, unrelated to imatinib. |
Sputum
| Sputum is anything that is coughed up from the respiratory tract, and could be composed of mucus, saliva, pus or blood, amongst others. |
Squamous cell carcinoma
| This is a type of cancer that affects cells called epithelial cells found on organs such as the skin, mouth, cervix and vulva. Squamous cell cancer of the skin is one of the most common cancers seen, associated with increased sun exposure. CAD can help detect squamous cell cancers |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Eye (Eye Cancer)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the eye is cancer which occurs in the squamous cells of the eye. |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is a type of lung cancer that develops from the squamous cells which line the airways of the lungs. |
Staging surgery
| Staging surgery is used to uncover the extent of cancer, or the spread of the disease in the body, staging surgery may be carried out. |
Stalevo
| Stalevo is a medication used to relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Stalevo is used in patients whose symptoms are not adequately controlled by conventional therapies. Stalevo contains a combination of drugs that work to restore a chemical imbalance in the part of the brain that is concerned with coordinated movements. |
Stamina
| Stamina is the ability to withstand prolonged stressful efforts. |
Standard drink
A standard drink is a unit of measurement. In Australia, a standard drink is any drink containing 10 grams of alcohol. One standard drink always contains the same amount of alcohol, independent of the container size (e.g. bottle, can, glass) or alcohol type (e.g. wine, beer, spirit). The number of standard drinks = 0.789 x the volume of the container (L) x % alcohol by volume (mL/100mL). |
Stapedius
| The stapedius is the muscle of the inner ear that inserts on the stapes. |
Stapes
| The stapes is one of three middle ear bones, the other two being the malleus and the incus. These bones oscillate in synchrony with the tympanic membrane vibrations, setting up wavelike movements in the cochlear perilymph at the same frequency. |
Statin
| Statins are medications used in the control of cholesterol, which are commonly prescribed with fibrates. They increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood. |
Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
Stein-Leventhal syndrome is another name for polycystic ovarian syndrome. |
Stem Cell
| A stem cell is any type of cell that retains the ability to divide and differentiate into numerous other different cell types. |
Stem cell transplantation
Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in the fields of haematology and oncology, most often performed for people with diseases of the blood, bone marrow, or certain types of cancer. |
Stenosis
| Stenosis. Narrowing of any blood vessel, valve or passage |
Sterile Matrix
| The sterile matrix of the nail contributes to nail production as the nuclei of its cells disintegrate |
Sterilisation
| Sterilisation is a process in which an individual's capacity to conceive is disabled. |
Sterility
Sterility is a condition characterised by an individual's complete inability to conceive. |
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
| Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a serious, sometimes fatal, inflammatory disease affecting children and young adults. It is characterised by acute onset of fever, bullae on the skin, and ulcers on the mucous membranes of the lips, eyes, mouth and nasal passages. It can also be a result of allergic reaction to certain medications. |
Stillbirth
| Stillbirth is defined as the death of a fetus greater than twenty weeks gestation either in the uterus or during the process of labour or delivery. |
Stocrin
Stocrin is a medication used to help treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and is known as a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It must be used in combination with other drugs e.g. nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor and/or a protease inhibitor. |
Stoma
| Opening of the intestine through the abdominal wall created through surgery. |
Stomach
The stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum in the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach is involved in the second phase of digestion. The stomach, which has a highly acidic environment, uses digestive enzymes to break down food so that it can be absorbed by the small intestine. |
Stomahesive wafers
| Stomahesive wafers are an adhesive pouch that may be used if an infant has signs of ulceration due to an erupting tooth. |
Stomatitis
Stomatitis is a condition characterised by inflammation of the mucous membranes in the mouth. |
Strabismus
| Strabismus is an eye disorder most common in children. It is characterised by the eyes being misaligned, that is, pointing in different directions (e.g. crossed eyes). |
Strain
A strain is an injury to a muscle as a result of excessive stretching and tearing of the muscle fibres. |
Strattera
| Strattera is used for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people 6 years or older. |
Stratum basale
| The stratum basale is the deepest layer of epithelium where most of the epithelial proliferation occurs |
Stratum corneum
| Stratum corneum is the surface layer of epithelium and consists of fully, partially, or incomplete keratinocytes. |
Stratum granulosum
| Stratum granulosum is the layer underneath the surface layer, and is characterised by its granular appearance under a microscope. |
Stratum spinosum
| Stratum spinosum is the also known as the prickle cell layer and is the layer above where epithelial proliferation occurs. |
Streptococcus mutans
| Streptococcus mutans is one of the bacteria that is involved in the process of tooth decay. |
Stress test
| A stress test, or clinical exercise stress testing, is a simple and common investigation used to measure the capacity of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to cope with the extra demands of exercise. It is often used in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. |
Stretch marks
| Stretch marks on the skin (especially around the hips, abdomen, thighs and breasts) result from excessive stretching and rupture of elastic fibers, commonly due to pregnancy or obesity. |
Striae distensae
| Striae distensae are found on the skin (especially around the hips, abdomen, thighs and breasts) from excessive stretching and rupture of elastic fibers, commonly due to pregnancy or obesity. |
Striae gravidarum
| Stretch marks resulting from pregnancy. |
Stroke
| Stroke, also called apoplexy or cerebrovascular accident is a blockage or haemorrhage of a blood vessel leading to the brain, causing inadequate oxygen supply. Depending on the extent and location of the abnormality, stroke results in such symptoms as weakness, paralysis of parts of the body, speech difficulties, and, if severe, loss of consciousness or death. |
Stromectol
Stromectol is known as an antinematodal with a broad spectrum of activity against worm infections i.e. used to treat onchocerciasis (river blindness) and intestinal strongyloidiasis (threadworms affecting the intestines).
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Stunted growth
| Stunted growth is a condition where an individual's growth is impaired due to an event (e.g. a period of malnutrition) which prevented growth during the childhood years. |
Subcapsular-Posterior Cataract
| Subcapsular-posterior cataract is a cataract which begins growing at the outside of the eyes lens and then works its way inwards. |
Subcutaneous
| Subcutaneous refers to area of fatty tissue below the skin. |
Subfertile
An individual who is subfertile is one who takes longer than one year to achieve a pregnancy. More about pregnancy. |
Subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation
| Subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation is the formation of abnormal blood vessels in the back of the eye, leading to the breakdown of the light sensitive area (macula) and causing visual disturbances and loss of central focus. |
Submerged arc welding
Submerged arc welding is a welding process in which the weld is submerged in a chemical cleaning agent known as a flux. When the flux becomes molten, is also becomes conductive and provides a path between the arc current and the weld, whilst at the same time protecting from atmospheric gases. |
Submucosa
| Submucosa refers to the tissue underneath the mucosa. |
Suboptimal Sperm Production
Suboptimal sperm production is a condition in which a man fails to produce a sufficient quantity of sperm, or produces sperm of a low quality. More on male reproductive system. More on sperm analysis. |
Substrate reduction therapy
| Substrate reduction therapy involves the reduction or elimination of substances that are usually broken down by enzymes. In diseases where there is a deficiency of enzymes and where Enzyme Replacement Therapy has failed, SRT is used to reduce the accumulation of such substances that would normally be broken down (digested) within the body prior to toxic levels developing. An example of SRT is the drug Zavesca (Miglustat) that is used in the treatment of Gaucher disease. |
Subthalamus
| The subthalamus is one of the four areas of the diencephalon and is lens-shaped. The subthalamus is located beside the hypothalamus and is usually associated with the basal ganglia. |
subungual
Subungual means "below the nail". |
Subzonal microinjection
| Subzonal microinjection ia a micro manipulation technique used for in vitro fertilisation in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The technique involved injecting motile sperm into the shell of an egg, using a microscope. However the technique was inefficient and became redundant with the successful application of intracytoplasmic sperm injection, a technique in which sperm are injected through the egg's shell, directly into its nucleus. |
Sucrose
| Sucrose is a sugar obtained from sugar cane, sugar beet, or other sources. |
Sudden infant death syndrome
| The sudden death of an infant under one year of age, which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history |
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy [SUDEP]
| The sudden unexpected non traumatic and non drowning death of an individual with epilepsy. It may be witnessed or un-witnessed, and may occur following a seizure or not. It must not occur due to status epilepticus (prolonged seizure that does not respond to medication). To be classified as SUDEP, there must be no evidence of a cause of death due to drugs or other diseases at post mortem examination. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy [SUDEP] is the single most important category of death in persons with epilepsy. |
Sugar-Free Lozenges
| Duro-Tuss Sugar-Free Lozenges can be used for the relief of sore throats and to suppress unproductive (dry) coughs. |
Suicidal ideation
| Suicidal ideation is when an individual have thoughts about killing themselves. This may involve formulating a suicidal plan without actually carrying the act out. Some medications may cause suicidal ideation or increase the risk of suicidal thoughts. |
Sulcus
| Sulcus (singular sulci) are the "dips" on the brain surface. |
Sulphite
| Sulphites are used as food additives. They exist in several forms, including sodium and potassium metabisulphite, sodium and potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, and sulfur dioxide. Sulphite has many functions. It is an antimicrobial agent, inhibits enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning, whitens foods, and serves as a dough conditioner. |
Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim
| Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim are used in conjunction to form a antibiotic that fights bacteria. Sulfamethoxazole is the only commonly used local sulphonamide, and is combined with the antibiotic Trimethoprim to form Co-trimoxazole. It inhibits tetrahydrofolic acid, which is used by bacteria to form purines. Sulphonamides are analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid and competitively inhibit formation of the bacterial enzyme - dihydropteroic acid synthetase |
Sundowning
| Sundowning refers to a symptom in which people with dementia become increasingly insecure and restless in the late afternoon or evening. The general cause for this symptom is unknown. |
Sunning
| Sunning is a dangerous eye exercise which arose in the 1920s and gained popularity in the 1960s. The exercise involves the individual looking directly into the sun and the aim is to normalise vision. It is now known that exposing the eyes to the sunlight creates an increase risk of a number of eye disorders, the most dangerous of which is squamous cell carcinoma of the eye. |
Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
| Superior Vena Cava (SVC) is one of two large veins that take the blood from the rest of the body into the right atrium. |
Supernumerary tooth
A supernumerary tooth is any tooth that is an additional tooth in the mouth. |
Supportive surgery
| Supportive surgery is performed to help other cancer treatments work more effectively, i.e. insertion of a catheter to help with chemotherapy is an example of supportive surgery |
Suppressor T Cell
| Suppressor T Cells are a type of T Cell that keep the other cells of the immune system in check by lowering their function. |
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia refers to abnormally rapid heartbeat arising from the upper chamber of the heart (the atrium). It can lead to chest pain, dizziness and shortness of breath, as well as inadequate blood supply to the body. |
Surfactant
| Surfactant refers to the fluid in the lungs. Surfactant functions in lowering the surface tension within the lungs, enabling the lungs to open and expand. |
Surgery for weight loss
| Surgery for weight loss involves various techniques designed to reduce excess weight by either restricting food intake or limiting absorption of fats and nutrients. Weight loss surgery aims to limit the health consequences of obesity. |
Surgical menopause
| The term 'surgical menopause' describes the sudden onset of menopause after the removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy). The symptoms of surgical menopause are often severe. |
Surgical Oncology
| Surgical Oncology.The treatment of cancer using surgery, usually to remove cancerous tumors and tissue. |
Surgical removal of Skin Cancer
| Removing a skin lesion (a lump, bump or discolouration), such as a skin cancer (basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and melanomas), is one of the most common clinical procedures that can be done in a GP clinic. The removal of a lesion is often the first and best treatment for many conditions, especially skin cancers, because if done correctly it not only completely gets rid of the problem but can also stop it from regrowing. |
Surgically induced abortion
| A surgically induced abortion refers to the termination of a pregnancy using surgical techniques, most commonly aspiration of the uterus to remove the gestational sack. |
Survanta
| Survanta is used to prevent and treat lung disease in infants born prematurely (before 36 weeks gestation), specifically Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). Survanta is a suspension of special proteins in liquid known as surfactant. The proteins in Survanta help keep the small lung spaces (alveoli) open and reduce the work of breathing. |
Suspensory ligament
| Suspensory ligaments of the ovary, attach the ovary to the lateral wall of the pelvis. It is through this ligament that the vessels, nerves and lymphatics supplying the ovary travel. |
Sutent
Sutent is a medication used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour. The active ingredient in Sutent is sunitinib. For more information, see Sutent. |
Sutures
| Sutures are found within the skull and consist of two bones situated close together that unite by either interlocking or overlapping one another. |
Sweat glands
| In humans, there are two kinds of sweat glands which differ in both their composition of sweat and its purpose. Eccrine sweat glands are distributed over the entire body surface. These produce sweat consisting mainly of water with various salts. These glands are used for body temperature regulation. Apocrine sweat glands produce sweat that contains fatty materials. These glands are mainly present in the armpits and around the genital area. These glands are usually absent in areas affected by stretch marks. |
Sweating
Sweating is the process of reducing body heat by releasing water from the body (evaporation). Sweat contains water and electrolytes that need to be replaced after sweating to avoid dehydration. Sweat is released from sweat glands located all over the skin.
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Swimmer's ear
| A type of otitis externa involving inflammation of the external part of the ear. It can be caused by infection of micro-organisms. Other factors that are associated with Swimmer's ear are hot humid weather, moisture retention in the ear and trauma to the ear. |
Swine flu
Swine flu is an Influenza A virus which is known to infect pigs and occaisonally infect humans giving rise to a respiratory infection. |
Symbicort
| Symbicort Turbuhaler is used for the regular maintenance and relief therapy of asthma in patients older than 12 years old. |
Symmetrel
| Symmetrel is a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease by restoring the balance of certain chemicals within the brain. It helps relieve symptoms such as rigidity, tremor and slowness of movement. Symmetrel also has another separate use, that is the prevention of influenza (the flu) in at risk patients. |
Sympathectomy
| Sympathectomy is a procedure that is used to treat neuropathic pain. It interrupts the sympathetic nervous system either temporarily or permanently. |
Sympathetic Nerve Block
| Sympathetic Nerve Block refers to the interruption of the sympathetic nervous system either temporarily or permanently. |
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system is a division of the nervous system. Nerves emerge from the spinal cord to innervate the heart, lungs, sweat glands and abdominal organs. The sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline which has an excitatory affect. |
Sympathomimetic agents
| Sympathomimetic agents work by mimicking a neurotransmitter in the brain that is related to appetite. This neurotransmitter is called noradrenalin (NA). Sympathomimetic drugs share a similar structure to NA and therefore can bind to the same receptors that NA does. |
Symptomatic Profile
| A symptomatic profile of a individual is the subset of symptoms of a certain disorder they experience. For some people they may only experience one or two symptoms that are common to a condition whereas other people with the same condition may experience many more. |
Symptoms
| Symptoms are physical or mental characteristics or indications of a disorder that are noticed by the patient. For example a mental symptom of anxiety is the feeling of stress while a physical symptom of anxiety is increased heartrate. Note that the symptoms for a disorder will vary in intensity from person to person. |
Synagis (Palivizumab)
| Synagis (Palivizumab) is a drug composed of antibodies (immune proteins) that prevents infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by stopping it from dividing in your body. It is used in young children who are at high risk of severe lung infections due to the RSV virus. |
Synapse
| A synapse is where one neuron communicates with another within the nervous system. There are three parts of a synapse: 1. Presynaptic terminal 2. Synaptic cleft 3. Postsynaptic neuronal membrane |
Synarthroses
| Synarthroses are immovable joints e.g. suture (found in the skull), gomphosis (a tooth in its socket), synchondrosis (found in the growth plate of bones). |
Syncope
Syncope is characterised by feeling lightheaded or faint. There may be a temporary loss of consciousness. |
Syndesmosis
| Syndesmosis are fibrous joints that consist of two bones which are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue, rendering the joint partially moveable. |
Synergy (Synergistic Effect)
A synergistic effect means that the combined effect of exposure to two agents (e.g. tobacco smoke and sunlight) is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each exposure. For example, skin damage due to both tobacco smoke and UV radiation is greater than skin damage due to tobacco smoke alone added to skin damage due to UV radiation alone. More on smoking and skin health. |
Synovial Joints
| Synovial Joints are the most common, and are found in nearly all the limb joints. These joints contain a joint cavity which contains fluid allowing the bones to slide over one another without grinding and causing pain. The cavity of the joint is lined by a membrane which is responsible for the production of the fluid. Reinforcement of these joints occurs via ligaments. Synovial joints have three distinguishing features which are: 1.A joint cavity 2.Articular cartilage 3.Articular capsule For further infomation visit: anatomy- Joints |
Synthesis
| In chemistry, synthesis is the process of combining two substances or compounds to create a new substance or compound. |
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is sometimes asymptomatic, but can also result in genital lesions, ulcers and discharges. For more information, see Syphilis. |
Syringe
| A syringe is a plastic device used with a needle to deliver substances into the body. A syringe contains a plunger, which is pulled back to draw a substance into the syringe. Pushing down on the plunger will expel the substance through the top of the syringe, or through a needle if attached. |
Systane
| Systane lubricating eye drops are used to treat dry eyes. |
Systemic circulation
| The flow of blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins of the general circulatory system. This refers to blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart, through the aorta, to return to the right atrium via the vena cavae. This is distinct from the portal and pulmonary circulations. |
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that may affect many organ systems within the body. In particular it is associated with a distinctive rash and joint pain, however the most potentially serious problems are due to effects on the brain and kidneys. |
Systole
| Systole refers to a pumping phase of the cardiac cycle. Systole occurs when heart muscle contracts. |
Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure exerted on the arterial walls when the heart is contracting. |
