Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus - Virtual Childs Health

Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus

What is Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus?

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Chickenpox or varicella is an itchy, red, lumpy rash that is caused by the varicella virus. The chickenpox virus is highly contagious for those who are not immune to it. You can only become immune to chickenpox through already having the disease and developing antibodies to it or through vaccination, which has only been introduced in the last decade.

Chickenpox is thought of as a common and fairly harmless childhood illness. The direct symptoms of chickenpox cause some discomfort without any complications. However, rarely the disease will predispose people to quite serious conditions that can occur at the disease onset or years later. Once a person has developed chickenpox the virus that causes the illness never goes away but lies dormant in the dorsal column of the spinal cord. If this virus is reactivated later in life (most commonly decades later) a condition called Herpes Zoster (shingles) can occur. It is for these reasons that a vaccine for the disease is worthwhile, however whether the vaccine reduces the risk of HZ has not yet been established.

Statistics on Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus?

Chickenpox - Varicella zoster virus Chickenpox is very much viewed as a childhood disease, understandably so with 95% of varicella cases occurring in people under the age of 20 and the majority of these in children under 10 years of age.

In terms of overall population incidence there have been quite dramatic changes in the past decade due to the introduction of the varicella vaccine. Before the vaccine was introduced, 83% of all 10 - 14 year olds in Australia were estimated to have contracted chickenpox at some stage of their lives, further increasing to 95.5% of all 40 year olds. The highest incidence in Australia was in the 0 -4 age bracket, with an annual rate of 78/100,000 for indigenous Australians and 43/100,000 for non-indigenous Australians. After this age the rate decreased dramatically. There were 4 deaths from varicella in Australia between 2003 -2005. Recent data has shown there has been significant decreases in varicella-related hospitalisations since this time and this can be attributed to the vaccine. However, accurate incidence data in Australia is yet to be determined.

After the varicella vaccine was introduced in the US, chickenpox was estimated to be reduced by 84%. Furthermore, the incidence of varicella complications, including death, decreased by 66%.

Approximately 5 years after the introduction of the vaccine there was an increased number of breakthrough varicella cases. Breakthrough varicella in immunised patients was an indication that the immunity provided by the vaccine was diminishing over time. Accordingly, a second dose of the vaccine was then implemented into the vaccination schedule.

Approximately 1 in 2,000 pregnant women contract chickenpox, a statistic that is not expected to fall until the last of the non-vaccinated generation surpass the childbearing age.

Risk Factors for Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus

Not having been vaccinated against varicella is a predisposing factor for the disease. For those that are vaccinated there is a risk of developing a less severe outbreak of the disease which is termed breakthrough varicella. Breakthrough varicella is no longer a risk 5 years after vaccination.

Before the vaccination became available, up to 95.5% of the population were estimated to have contracted chickenpox at some stage of their lives. This suggests that the only predisposing factor to the disease is catching it from someone else that has it; this can either occur via airborne transmission or from direct contact with lesions.

Immunocompromised patients with underlying disease factors or those requiring immunosuppressive therapies are more likely to experience complications as a result of varicella. The virus is more likely to spread to the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart or brain in those that have T-cell defects.

Progression of Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus

Chickenpox - varicella zoster virus Chickenpox usually begins with headache, malaise and fever and within 48 hours the rash will have developed on the face, torso and limbs. The chickenpox rash contains many lesions which develop at different stages. New fluid filled blisters develop for the first seven days of rash progression, after a week the blisters will begin to dry up. The whole process can last up to 20 days.

The lesions are small (less than 1 cm in diameter) and begin development as clear vesicles (fluid filled blisters) on an erythematous or "red" base, the vesicles then progress to pustules (pus filled blisters) and then crust over. The rash is highly contagious until all the lesions have crusted over.

The rash often spreads from a centre point and contains lesions at various stages of the rash progression.

How is Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus Diagnosed?

Chickenpox - Varicella zoster virus Most chickenpox is very easy to diagnose. Doctors will enquire about exposure to the virus and the symptoms that were present before the onset of the rash, as many people will experience fever and a feeling of malaise before the visible onset of lesions. The rash is very itchy and the lesions are identifiable to a trained eye.

When a person presents with what appears to be chickenpox the doctor will need to establish a basic clinical history in order to determine whether the individual is at risk of further complications. The doctor will ask whether the infected individual is:

pregnant;
immunocompromised or has an underlying disease such as chronic cutaneous or pulmonary disorders that effect the immune system;
taking any type of immunosuppressive therapy; and
vaccinated against varicella - as this will determine whether the chickenpox is breakthrough disease.

For cases when the diagnosis is not clear, a sample of cerebrospinal fluid can be collected and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR can detect the varicella IgM antibody that is produced as a consequence of contracting the varicella virus, and hence can provide confirmation that the individual is infected.

Prognosis of Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus

Chickenpox - Varicella zoster virus The prognosis for adults and children who have contracted chickenpox is different now compared to what it was in the pre-vaccine era. The vaccine has reduced the incidence of the virus and the complications associated. Studies are currently assessing whether the risk of shingles (the nasty successor of chickenpox,), will also decrease however results so far have been inconclusive.

The most common complication for a vaccinated person is breakthrough disease. Breakthrough varicella occurred more commonly before the introduction of the second vaccine dose in 1995. However, it is still reported even in immunocompetent and highly vaccinated individuals.

Breakthrough varicella is defined as onset of chickenpox between 42 days to 5 years after vaccination to the disease. The symptoms associated with breakthrough varicella are less severe; with little or no fever and only around 50 skin lesions. The lesions that are present are usually maculopapular in nature, that is, a rash comprised of small red bumps instead of pustules and lesions. That said, 25% of individuals will experience breakthrough varicella symptoms that are similar to chickenpox. Breakthrough varicella is around 50% less contagious than chickenpox.

Before the chickenpox vaccine became available, the complications associated with chickenpox had greater prevalence, especially for immunocompromised individuals. This is not to say that immunocompetent individuals did not also carry the risk for the following:

otitis media;
subclinical hepatitis;
cerebellar ataxia; (inability to coordinate voluntary movements) and
bacterial superinfection of the rash.

Rare complications of varicella include:

The risk of complications associated with chickenpox increases with increasing age of contracting the disease. If a woman contracts the disease when pregnant her child will have a 2% chance of developing congenital varicella syndrome which can have serious consequences for the developing baby including:

neurologic abnormalities such as brain atrophy or mental disability;
visual defects;
increased risk of developing herpes zoster during infancy or childhood;
hypoplastic limbs; and
skin scarring.

How is Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus Treated?

Vaccination

Chickenpox vaccination To date the best treatment for chickenpox is prevention. Since 1999 the varicella antibody has been subsidised in Australia and accordingly the prevalence of chickenpox and the associated complications has decreased dramatically. In 2006 the second dose of the live, attenuated virus was approved by the American Food and Drug Administration for children between the ages of 4 and 6 but as yet it has not been determined whether this has impacted significantly on the incidence of breakthrough reactions. In Australia the dosing schedule involves only one dose at 18 months or 12 years of age. For people over 14 years, two doses of the vaccine are required, 2 months apart.

The major adverse events associated with the vaccine are rash, fever and injection-site reactions, all relatively minor and treatable.

At Home Care

Once the varicella virus has been contracted treatment involves controlling the itch and keeping hydrated. It is important to remember to monitor children to make sure they avoid scratching the rash as much as possible. Basic, non-prescription non-allergenic creams, lotions and medications can be useful in calming the itch.

Both children and adults should stay at home once the rash has begun until all the blisters have dried up to avoid spreading the virus.

Special Considerations

For those who have had significant exposure to the disease, are not immunised and are assessed to carry a high risk of developing severe varicella, an intramuscular varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) can be administered within 96 hours in order to prevent chickenpox developing. VZIG is a preparation containing antibodies to the varicella virus.

Chickenpox - Varicella zoster virus Women are at risk of experiencing severe symptoms if they contract chicken pox when they are pregnant. A dose of VZIG can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms if administered immediately (within 72hours) after the woman is exposed. After the initial exposure VZIG will not be effective and will not be administered. Antiviral agents are not approved for use in pregnancy.

Newborns can also be treated prophylactically with VZIG if their mother contracted the infection at late stages of the pregnancy. These infants should be separated from other pregnant women and kept very well hydrated. If chickenpox does develop, antiviral agents such as oral acyclovir can be helpful to reduce the severity of the rash.

Pre-existing skin conditions, such as eczema, may be further aggravated with some creams and lotions used to calm chickenpox. Make sure a doctor assesses the topical treatment prior to use to ensure they are appropriate and will not cause further irritation. The use of aspirin during chickenpox must be avoided as it has been associated with higher incidence of skin and soft tissue complications.

The use of NSAIDS should also be avoided as it has been associated with higher incidence of skin and soft tissue complications.

When To See a Doctor

If you suspect that you or your child has been exposed to chickenpox or that the rash has begun to form see your doctor immediately. This is especially important for people with special considerations mentioned above.

Chickenpox - Varicella Zoster Virus References

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