Frozen Shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)

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What is Frozen Shoulder?

The term frozen shoulder is often used to describe situations where the shoulder is working at less than its optimal range of motion. The correct term for this condition is 'adhesive capsulitis' - a syndrome defined as 'the painful restriction of shoulder movement', due to an unknown cause. Secondary adhesive capsulitis refers to the condition when it is associated, or caused by an underlying illness or disorder. The image on the right is that of the affected joint components leading to Frozen Shoulder.

Who gets Frozen Shoulder?

People who develop adhesive capsulitis are usually aged between 40-70 years. It is thought that 3% of people will develop the condition in their lifetime. There is no known racial preference, however, adhesive capsulitis is associated with certain conditions, particularly insulin-dependent diabetes.

Predisposing Factors

It is thought that there are a number of risk factors predisposing an individual to developing adhesive capsulitis. Those suggested include shoulder trauma, surgery, diabetes, inflammatory conditions and inactivity of the shoulder. Autoimmune disease, cervical cancer and hyperthyroidism also appear to be linked to the condition.

Progression

Adhesive capsulitis may be divided into 3 stages: pain, adhesion and recovery. The painful stage is associated with increasing pain and stiffness, lasting 3-8 months. Minor injury may be associated with the onset of symptoms. Initially the pain may be described as a generalised ache, progressing to severe pain with restricted movement. The adhesive stage is associated with increasing stiffness but decreasing pain, lasting 4-6 months. In the recovery stage, pain is minimal, with gradual improvement in shoulder movement and stiffness, however complete recovery is infrequent. A number of patients permanently lose full range of motion, however few experience serious disability.

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